Water Cherenkov detectors:MILAGRO

This paper discusses the properties of using the water Cherenkov technique to detect air showers in the few hundred GeV to 100 TeV energy range. The responses of a 6 m² 2 m deep water Cherenkov counter and that of a 6 m² 10cm thick scintillator-lead sandwich counter to air shower electrons and photons is described. The advantages of water Cherenkov detector is outlined. Its application to do VHE gamma ray astronomy is discussed with particular reference to the MILAGRO telescope currently under construction. Milagro, a water-Cherenkov detector to do gamma ray astronomy above 100 Gev, uses an existing pool 60m × 80m by 8m, located in the Jemez mountains near Los Alamos, NM. The threshold of the MILAGRO detector is comparable to atmospheric Cherenkov detectors, however it has several advantages over these optical detectors. MILAGRO can operate 24 hours a day in all weather conditions and it has an open aperture which allows it to view the entire northern sky every day. These capabilities allow for a systematic all-sky survey to be done for the first time at these energies. MILAGRO will measure the Crab spectrum with high significance over a wide energy range, it will detect and measure the spectra from AGN's such as MRK 421 and it will search for short duration bursts from GRBs and possibly evaporating PBHs.     

Galactic Wind: Mass Fractionation and Cosmic Ray Acceleration

The dynamical and chemical effects of the Galactic Wind are discussed. This wind is primarily driven by the pressure gradient of the Cosmic Rays. Assuming the latter to be accelerated in the Supernova Remnants of the disk which at the same time produce the Hot Interstellar Medium, it is argued that the gas removed by the wind is enriched in the nucleosynthesis products of Supernova explosions. Therefore the moderate mass loss through this wind should still be able to remove a substantial amount of metals, opening the way for stars to produce more metals than observed in the disk, by e.g. assuming a Salpeter-type stellar initial mass function beyond a few Solar masses. The wind also allows a global, physically appealing interpretation of Cosmic Ray propagation and escape from the Galaxy. In addition the spiral structure of the disk induces periodic pressure waves in the expanding wind that become a sawtooth shock wave train at large distances which can re-accelerate “knee” particles coming from the disk sources. This new Galactic Cosmic Ray component can reach energies of a few×10¹⁸ eV and may contribute to the juncture between the particles of Galactic and extragalactic origin in the observed overall Cosmic Ray spectrum.     

基于蒙特卡罗法辐射传递系数的统计分析

文章基于蒙特卡罗方法定义了表面热辐射换热辐射传递系数的表达式,确定其概率分布和置信度水平并进行统计分析。推导封闭腔内辐射传递系数的相对和绝对误差公式,为求解辐射传递系数所需追踪射线数量提供参考依据。     

强脉冲软X光喷射冲量的几种模拟加载技术

本文综合国内外相关文献，对强脉冲软X光喷射冲量的片炸药加载、光敏炸药加载、柔爆索加载、电子束加载、磁励飞板加载及磁压力加载等几种模拟技术的研究和应用情况进行了简要的介绍，并简要分析和评述了各种模拟技术的共同点和各自的优缺点。     

发射特性对线性各向异性散射介质内瞬态温度分布的影响

考虑各向异性散射介质内的辐射传递方向，本文考察了辐射能的重新分配过程。利用射线踪迹法结合Hottel和Sarofim区域法推导了辐射传递系数(RTCs)。考虑一维各向异性参与性半透明灰介质。两边界表面为镜反射，一个表面半透明，另一个表面不透明。辐射传递系数用于计算辐射热源项。瞬态能量方程由全隐式控制容积法求解。外界辐射加热与对流冷却同时作用于边界表面。考虑四个线性散射相函数。以各向同性散射情况比较，研究不透明边界两侧发射特性和线性散射相函数对瞬态温度分布的影响。结果表明，各向异性散射与各向同性散射介质间的相对温度差异与散射不对称参数近似成正比。     

1989年3月大宇宙线暴事件的特征

本文分析了1989年3月一系列大耀斑等离子体抛射引起的宇宙线强度变化的特征.除对中子成分分析外,还对μ介子成分及其各向异性特征作了分析,讨论了宇宙线强度变化与太阳耀斑特性和地磁扰动之间的关系。分析发现,宇宙线的Forbush下降不仅与太阳耀斑的级别、持续时间,以及在日面上的位置有关,而且还与光学耀斑是否伴有强的X射线暴、是否有强的射电爆发,以及是否引起强的地磁暴紧密有关.各向异性分析表明,3月大事件的各向异性明显小于宁静时的各向异性,这可能是因为受到太阳活动强烈调制之后,宇宙线各向异性趋于减小的原因.     

Real time localization of gamma ray bursts with INTEGRAL

The INTEGRAL satellite has been successfully launched in October 2002 and has recently started its operational phase. The INTEGRAL burst alert system (IBAS) will distribute in real time the coordinates of the gamma ray bursts (GRBs) detected with INTEGRAL. After a brief introduction on the INTEGRAL instruments, we describe the main IBAS characteristics and report on the initial results. During the initial performance and verification phase of the INTEGRAL mission, which lasted about two months, two GRBs have been localized with accuracy of 2–4 arcmin. These observations have allowed us to validate the IBAS software, which is now expected to provide quick (few seconds delay) and precise (few arcmin) localization for 10–15 GRBs per year.     

高超侧压进气道前/后掠的数值分析和比较

侧板构型和唇口位置是影响侧压式进气道性能的关键参数。选取了5个具有一定代表性的状态点对前/后掠进气道模型进行了计算和分析,重点比较了当侧板前/后掠时进气道的流量系数、压升、出口气流均匀度等性能。通过对比分析,发现侧板前掠时进气道的流量系数、压升大于侧板后掠结果,且进气道出口流场更均匀。当马赫数较低时,前/后掠进气道性能差别比较明显:同为50%溢流窗,来流马赫数4时,侧板前掠的进气道流量系数比侧板后掠的情形高出7.7%;而当来流马赫数为8.09时,侧板前掠的进气道流量系数仅高2.6%。     

蛇形进气道的雷达截面分析

 本文采用复射线技术的原理和方法,通过场的高斯波束拟合,使这种理论能够用于进气道之类的大口径凹形腔体的雷达截面(RCS)特性分析。本文以弯曲的蛇形进气道为例,进行了RCS特性分析计算,并将计算值与测试值比较。结果表明,这种方法是一种比较准确而又十分有效的RCS预估方法。     

后射导弹对空战对策及航空技术影响研究

以“二车对策”为数学模型，采用从定性微分对策理论发展来的“GR区”法，研究了装备有前向发射和后向发射两种空空导弹的战斗机与只装备了前向空空导弹的战斗机之间的一对一空战，并进行了数值仿真，仿真结果表明，前者比后者明显占有优势，最后，分析了后射空空导弹对航空技术的影响。